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Bioengineered tissues for urogenital repair in children. Factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Hypospadias: psychosocial, sexual, and reproductive consequences in adult life. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Male infertility and genitourinary birth defects: there is more than meets the eye. Maternal FA/MMFA supplementation during the periconceptional period may reduce the risk for hypospadias. Impactįolic acid (FA) or multiple micronutrients containing folic acid (MMFA) supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. More mechanisms should be explored for the protective effect.
ConclusionsįA or MMFA supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. Compared to nonusers, FA/MMFA users had a lower risk for genitourinary system birth defects (adjusted risk ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.67, 0.98), and for hypospadias (aRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40, 0.76). The prevalence of genitourinary system birth defects was 29.2 (34.9) per 10,000 for FA/MMFA users (nonusers). ResultsĪ total of 65,418 live births and stillbirths were included, and there were 194 cases with congenital genitourinary defects among them. We adjusted for differences in characteristics between comparison groups using propensity score inverse probability weighting and assessed associations with Poisson regression modeling. The data from a Prenatal Health Care System and Birth Defects Surveillance System in Tongzhou, Beijing, China, were collected from 2013 to 2018. Taking folic acid supplementation could reduce the risk of neural tube defects for offspring in the maternal periconceptional period, but the relationship between folic acid use and other birth defects remains unclear, such as genitourinary system birth defects.
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